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| How Microbiology Established | Sadia Akhtar | The Daily Youth- tdy24.com |
How Microbiology Established and Discovery of Micro-Organisms-
Micro-Organisms
A
micro organism (from the Greek, micros-small and organismos means organism) is
a microscopic living organism, that exists as
Unicellular,
multicellular or cell clusters, Microorganisms live in every part of the biosphere.
They can be divided into six major
types
1.
Bacteria
2.
Archaea
3.
Fungi
4.
Protozoa
5.
Algae and
6.
Viruses
Koch’s postulates
Koch’s postulates are four criteria of designed to causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. In 1876, this postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Fredrich Loeffler. And these postulates were publish by Robert Koch in 1890. Koch discovered rod-shaped becteria now known as Bacillus anthracis.
Koch’s postulates are here -
1) The micro-organism must be present in every individual with the disease.
2) The micro-organism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3) The cultured micro-organism or pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into an experimental (animal or plant) host.
4) The micro-organism must be reisolated from the experimental host and reidentified in pure culture, must be shown to be the original organism.
Fermentation
Came from Latin word ‘farmentare’ means ‘leven’. It’s a process in which an agent cause an organic substance to break down into simple substance, especially an anerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol.
Pasteurization
In 1864, Louis Pasteur invented this. It’s a process of eliminating pathogenic microbes and lowering microbial numbers to prolong the quality of beverage.
Pasteur discovered that heating bear and wine was enough to kill most of the becteria that cause spoilage, preventing this beverages from turning sour. He found that holding the juices at temp of 62.8 0C for half an hour did the job.
The Germ theory of Disease :
1) Physiological (break leg)
2) Microbial (diarrhea, cholera)
Before the time of Pasteur, the diseases are related to micro-organisms was unknown, effective treatments were discovered by trial and error. The realization about the activity of micro- organism and physical and chemical change in organic metals alerted the scientists and they realized that micro-organisms might cause disease. This idea was known as the germ theory of diseases.
Biogenesis
In 1861, Louis Pasteur announced that living things come only from living things, by reproduction. Life dose not arise from non-living materials. This theory is called the theory of Biogenesis.
‘Bios’ means life and ‘genes’ – ‘to produce’.
Abiogenesis
Thomas Henry Huxley – the generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis.
Vaccinations
1796- Edward Jenner – smallpox.
1880- Pasteur – discovered why vaccinations work.
Vaccination (from Lattine word ‘vacca’ means cow) is the most effective method of preventing from an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
Chemotherapy
Microbiologists focused on research for the substance that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal.
Paul Ehrlich- 1908- invented drug treatment for syphilis- Father of chemotherapy.
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other micro-organisms are called antibiotics.
Alexander Flemming (1928) - Penicillium Notatum (mold’s active inhabitor)
Synthetic Drugs
Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are called synthetic drugs.
Paul Enrich (a German physician)- 1910- a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan (an arsenic derivative, effective against syphilis)
Limitation of Koch’s Postulates
1) Some pathogens eg. Streptococcus pygens cause several different diseases.
2) Some diseases eg. Pneumonia, may be caused by a variety of microbes.
3) Some diseases eg.tetanus have unequivocal signs and symptoms.
4) Certain pathogens, eg. HIV cause Human diseases only.
Koch’s postulates are here -
1) The micro-organism must be present in every individual with the disease.
2) The micro-organism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3) The cultured micro-organism or pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into an experimental (animal or plant) host.
4) The micro-organism must be reisolated from the experimental host and reidentified in pure culture, must be shown to be the original organism.
Fermentation
Came from Latin word ‘farmentare’ means ‘leven’. It’s a process in which an agent cause an organic substance to break down into simple substance, especially an anerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol.
Pasteurization
In 1864, Louis Pasteur invented this. It’s a process of eliminating pathogenic microbes and lowering microbial numbers to prolong the quality of beverage.
Pasteur discovered that heating bear and wine was enough to kill most of the becteria that cause spoilage, preventing this beverages from turning sour. He found that holding the juices at temp of 62.8 0C for half an hour did the job.
The Germ theory of Disease :
1) Physiological (break leg)
2) Microbial (diarrhea, cholera)
Before the time of Pasteur, the diseases are related to micro-organisms was unknown, effective treatments were discovered by trial and error. The realization about the activity of micro- organism and physical and chemical change in organic metals alerted the scientists and they realized that micro-organisms might cause disease. This idea was known as the germ theory of diseases.
Biogenesis
In 1861, Louis Pasteur announced that living things come only from living things, by reproduction. Life dose not arise from non-living materials. This theory is called the theory of Biogenesis.
‘Bios’ means life and ‘genes’ – ‘to produce’.
Abiogenesis
Thomas Henry Huxley – the generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis.
Vaccinations
1796- Edward Jenner – smallpox.
1880- Pasteur – discovered why vaccinations work.
Vaccination (from Lattine word ‘vacca’ means cow) is the most effective method of preventing from an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
Chemotherapy
Microbiologists focused on research for the substance that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal.
Paul Ehrlich- 1908- invented drug treatment for syphilis- Father of chemotherapy.
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other micro-organisms are called antibiotics.
Alexander Flemming (1928) - Penicillium Notatum (mold’s active inhabitor)
Synthetic Drugs
Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are called synthetic drugs.
Paul Enrich (a German physician)- 1910- a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan (an arsenic derivative, effective against syphilis)
Limitation of Koch’s Postulates
1) Some pathogens eg. Streptococcus pygens cause several different diseases.
2) Some diseases eg. Pneumonia, may be caused by a variety of microbes.
3) Some diseases eg.tetanus have unequivocal signs and symptoms.
4) Certain pathogens, eg. HIV cause Human diseases only.
The Daily Youth- tdy24.com Present "How Microbiology Established" Written
By
Sadia Akhtar
Student of Department of Microbiology
Jagannath University.
Email- sadiabd810@yahoo.com
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